I’d like to provide just a glimpse into my ongoing research as I seek to understand civilization in the Americas. Many of you may know that some American Indians disagree with, even take offense at, the Bering Strait migration theory. You may also know it is supported by The Urantia Book, (The UB), “About eighty-five thousand years ago the comparatively pure remnants of the red race went en masse across to North America, and shortly thereafter the Bering land isthmus sank, thus isolating them (64:6.5).”

What we must address, if we dismiss the Bering land bridge story as these native descendants do, is the question, “Do we believe a modern human type arose and evolved separately in North America?” Because if so, we have no evidence of primate fossils in the Americas from which a modern human type could have evolved. Thus we are forced to resort to “special creation” as an explanation. Some traditional Native American tribal lore does suggest they were specially created, “We have always been here.” (Celsa Apapas, Cupeño, among others)

Standing Rock Sioux historian, Vine Deloria, Jr., 1933 – 2005, (Red Earth, White Lies, 1995) recognized the problem of their origins, “American Indians having had to wait until Neanderthal evolved into Cro Magnon;” but he thought science “should drop the pretense of having absolute authority with regard to human origins.” Ironically, Cro-Magnon, known now as Anatomically Modern Humans, AMH, are classified as blue race Sangiks in The UB (80:3). The Cro-Magnons are brother and sister to the red Sangiks.

Though I don’t share Deloria’s objection to human origins theory, there are other reasons that migration across the Bering Strait doesn’t tell the whole story of indigenous Americans. Persistent evidence of a separate colonization by sea keeps showing up. Kumara, the sweet potato native to Peru, was growing in Mangaia in the Pacific islands (Cook) about 1,000 AD, long before Europeans sailed into those waters. The tuberous sweet potato could not survive a sea voyage and still be able to grow and reproduce. It had to have been imported from South America.

In 2007, chicken bones were found in an archaeological dig in Chile, dated 1,300 BP (before present). Chickens, not native to the Americas, are flightless birds incapable of crossing an ocean. Dr Lisa Matisso-Smith, of the University of Auckland NZ, an expert in Pacific migration patterns, examined the bones and matched them to an identical DNA sequence found in bones near a village in the Ha’apai chain of Tonga, and Fatumafutu, at the entrance to Pago Pago Harbour in American Samoa — 10,000 km from Chile. http://io9.com/5787034/how-many-groups-reached-the-americas-before-christopher-columbus

The Bering Strait land bridge migration is the most well-known and talked about theory, yet we often overlook what a mixed racial group it was, not only red Sangik tribes.

 “These [relatively pure-line remnants of the red race] tribes were accompanied by three small groups of mixed ancestry, the largest of these being a combination of the orange and blue races. These three groups never fully fraternized with the red man and early journeyed southward to Mexico and Central America, where they were later joined by a small group of mixed yellows and reds. These peoples all intermarried and founded a new and amalgamated race, one which was much less warlike than the pure-line red men. Within five thousand years this amalgamated race broke up into three groups, establishing the civilizations respectively of Mexico, Central America, and South America.” (The UB, 64:7.5)

This information is unknown outside of The UB. However we are encountering confusion when trying to interpret scientific discoveries in the DNA evidence, the haplogroup X genetic marker for example, a story beyond the scope of this short article.

There are large differences between the “three civilizations” of the Mesoamericans, South Americans, and the perhaps “purer red race” civilization of the North led by Onamonalonton. The southern cultures practiced much more horticulture using irrigation methods focused on large crop production, “the three sisters” squash, beans, and maize (corn); whereas the northern groups maintained a more classic hunter-gatherer culture. In the south, a powerful priesthood often ruled the people, whereas the northern tribes claimed to have no priests, among other cultural differences I could enumerate.

“In Mexico, Central America, and in the mountains of South America the later and more enduring civilizations were founded by a race predominantly red but containing a considerable admixture of the yellow, orange, and blue.” (The UB, 79:5.8)

The mound-building cultures, the pyramids of Teotehuican, and the Mayan temples of these southern groups all show characteristic traces of an orange race heritage.

“The orange man. The outstanding characteristic of this race was their peculiar urge to build, to build anything and everything, even to the piling up of vast mounds of stone just to see which tribe could build the largest mound.” (64:6.10)

The UB presents an even more complicated scenario, revealing a third racial infusion into the Americas, a small group of Andites who came by sea across the Pacific. “One hundred and thirty-two of this [Andite] race, embarking in a fleet of small boats from Japan, eventually reached South America and by intermarriage with the natives of the Andes established the ancestry of the later rulers of the Incas.” (78:5.7)

“The South American offshoot did receive a faint touch of the blood of Adam.” (64:7.5)

http://barry-brailsford-indigenous-knowledge.blogspot.com/2012/02/did-polynesian-voyagers-reach-south.html

The seagoing Polynesians made the voyage using sewn plank canoes equipped with sails. They were experts at navigating by the stars and signs of nearby landmarks, rather than by compass or astrolabe. Although Thor Heyerdahl’s famous expedition (1947) sought to prove that Peruvians crossed by sea to the Pacific Islands, it is more likely to be the reverse, based on the evidence we have of each group’s oceanic skills.

Balboa the Spanish conquistador entered Panama seeking land and treasure when he met the cacique (chief) Camaco in battle, and also married his daughter to seal an alliance against other tribes. Camaco told him about the sea-going native peoples, “When you are passing over these mountains (pointing with his finger towarde the south mountains) … you shall see another sea, where they sayle with shippes as bigge as yours, using both sayles and ores as you doe, although the men be naked as we are.” (Peter Martyr, writing about Vasco Nunez de Balboa’s encounter with Camaco)

This information inspired the Spanish explorer to lead his men on a 24 day trek in 1513 crossing hostile native territories, high mountains, and jungle to find the “South Sea” we call the Pacific Ocean. Upon reaching the Pacific, he claimed the title of its discoverer. To the astonishment of the Indians who accompanied the expedition, he took possession of the Mar del Sur for the King and Queen of Spain.